Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Occupational Therapy 3rd Edition

Course Description:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobiological disorder that manifests in childhood, and the condition often continues into adolescence and adulthood (Wolraich et al., 2019). In the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), ADHD is placed within the section describing neurodevelopmental disorders, whereas previous editions had placed the disorder among the disruptive behavior disorders (APA, 2013). This condition is characterized by persistent and maladaptive symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and is often comorbid with learning, mood, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorders in children and adults, and with substance use disorders in adults. The average age of onset is seven years, and boys are four times more likely than girls to have the disorder. ADHD includes three presentations (subtypes): combined, predominantly inattentive, and predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (APA, 2013). 

 Differences in data-gathering methods have caused prevalence estimates for ADHD in children to fluctuate over time across studies, ranging from as low as 3% to as high as 20% of children. The American Academy of Pediatrics’ most recent clinical practice guidelines reported that prevalence studies indicate that 7% to 15% of children have ADHD (Wolraich et al., 2019). A synthesis of prevalence data suggests that 8% to 11% of children have ADHD, making clinical services and other supports for individuals with ADHD an important area of focus for healthcare professionals, including occupational therapy practitioners.